Key takeaways
- 25 states have approved at least one large-load tariff and 8 more have tariffs pending (Edison Electric Institute, October 2026).
- Common terms: 25 to 100 MW thresholds, minimum bills, long contracts, collateral and exit fees.
- At least eight states passed laws in 2026 directing regulators to make data centers pay their own grid costs.
- Approved tariffs give utilities the certainty to build substations, transmission and generation, a strong signal for utility vendors.
Why data center power deals matter to utility vendors
Data centers are the fastest-growing source of new electricity demand in the U.S., and utilities are racing to serve them. Large-load tariffs set the terms: who pays for new substations, transmission and generation, and how long a data center must commit.
For companies that sell to utilities, these filings are a map of where capital spending is headed. A utility with an approved large-load tariff and signed data center contracts has the certainty to build, and that work needs engineering, equipment, software, construction and services.
The landscape at a glance
- 25 states have approved at least one large-load tariff and 8 more have tariffs pending, according to the Edison Electric Institute (October 2026).
- The DELTa database maintained by SEPA and the NC Clean Energy Technology Center counted 104 approved or proposed tariffs across 37 states as of July 2026, up from 14 between 2018 and 2023.
- Typical terms include size thresholds of 25 to 100 MW, minimum monthly bills (AEP Ohio requires data centers to pay for at least 85% of expected energy), contracts of 10 years or more, collateral and exit fees.
- Dominion Energy's GS-5 class for customers of 25 MW or more in Virginia, the largest U.S. data center market, takes effect January 1, 2027.
Large-load tariffs by state
Investor-owned utility tariffs and frameworks for data centers and other very large customers, as listed by the Edison Electric Institute in October 2026. Docket numbers are included so you can follow each case.
| State | Utility | Tariff (docket) | Status | Key terms |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Alabama Power | Rate BTAL modification (U-5024) | Approved | Over 30 MW; special contracts may add large-load protections |
| Arizona | Arizona Public Service | Extra High Load Factor tariff changes (E-01345A-25-0105) | Pending | Part of rate review; cost recovery terms for high-load-factor customers |
| California | PG&E | Electric Rule 30, transmission-level service (A.24-11-007) | Approved (interim) | Customers fund transmission upfront for faster connection |
| Colorado | Xcel Energy | Large load tariff (26AL-0137E) | Pending | 50 MW; new or significantly expanded load |
| Colorado | Black Hills Energy | Large Power Service economic development tariff (25A-0500E) | Approved | Economic development pricing for large customers |
| Delaware | Delmarva Power | General Service – Large Load (25-0826) | Pending | 50 MW; revised proposal after a November 2025 order |
| Florida | Florida Power & Light | LLCS-1 and LLCS-2 (20250011) | Approved | 50 MW and 85% load factor; take-or-pay, exit fees, collateral; effective Jan. 1, 2026 |
| Florida | Duke Energy Florida | Updated large load proposal (20260064) | Pending | Filed in response to SB 484 |
| Florida | Tampa Electric | LLCS-1, LLCS-2 and Large Load Contract (20260146) | Pending | Filed Sept. 30, 2026 |
| Florida | Florida Public Utilities | Large Load Service tariff (20260148) | Pending | New large-load service offering |
| Georgia | Georgia Power | Amended rules (Docket 44280) and Customer Identified Resource program (44847) | Approved | 100 MW; minimum billing and longer contracts |
| Idaho | Idaho Power | Schedule 20 (IPC-E-21-37) | Approved | Targets speculative high-density loads; effective 2024 |
| Illinois | ComEd | Rider DE and terms and conditions revisions (25-0679/25-0677) | Approved | New service request procedures and protections for large loads |
| Indiana | Indiana Michigan Power | Industrial Power Tariff I.P. (46097) | Approved | Modified for large-load customers |
| Indiana | NIPSCO | GenCo utility structure (46183) and data center customer tariff (46322) | Approved | Contracts isolate large-load risk |
| Iowa | Alliant Energy (IPL) | Individual Customer Rate agreements (TF-2025-0007, TF-2025-0047) | Approved | Individual service agreements for specific data centers |
| Kansas | Evergy | Large load service rate plan (25-EKME-315-TAR) | Approved | Rate plan and associated tariffs |
| Kentucky | LG&E and KU | Extremely High Load Factor Service (2025-00113/00114) | Approved | Approved February 2026 |
| Kentucky | Kentucky Power | Industrial general service changes (2024-00305) | Approved | Approved March 2025 |
| Louisiana | Entergy Louisiana | Large Load, High Load Factor Power Service (U-36959) | Approved | 70 MW firm load and 80% load factor |
| Maryland | Potomac Edison and Exelon Maryland utilities | Large load rate schedules (PC72) | Pending | Filed Sept. 1, 2026 under state legislation |
| Michigan | Consumers Energy | Rate GPD amendments (U-21859) | Approved | Adjusted for data center load |
| Michigan | Indiana Michigan Power | Large Power Tariff LP (U-21986) | Approved | Modified for large loads |
| Michigan | DTE Energy | Rate Schedule D11 revisions (U-22061) | Pending | Added terms for large-load service |
| Minnesota | Xcel Energy | Large General Time of Day Service (25-289) | Approved | 100 MW or more of new demand |
| Minnesota | Otter Tail Power | Super Large General Service; new Tier II and data center rate (26-211) | Approved; new class pending | 25 MW and 80% load factor; data center class filed May 2026 |
| Minnesota | Minnesota Power | Very Large Power class (26-126) | Pending | Proposed July 2026 |
| Mississippi | All electric utilities | Special contract rule (Rule 27) | Approved | Special contracts require PSC approval |
| Missouri | Evergy Missouri | Large Load Power Service rate plan (EO-2025-0154) | Approved | 75 MW minimum |
| Missouri | Ameren Missouri | Large load customer rate structure (ET-2025-0184) | Approved | Rate structure for large loads |
| Missouri | Liberty (Empire District) | TS-LL transmission service tariff (ET-2026-0184) | Pending | Transmission service for large loads |
| Montana | NorthWestern Energy | Large New Load Tariff (2026.04.023) | Pending | Filed March 2026 |
| Nevada | NV Energy | Clean Transition Tariff (24-05023) | Approved | Bundled service from new clean resources |
| New Mexico | El Paso Electric | Two large load tariffs (25-00082-UT) | Pending | Proposed in rate review |
| North Carolina | Duke Energy Carolinas and Progress | Large Load Tariff (E-7 Sub 1329 / E-2 Sub 1380) | Pending | Settlement awaiting commission approval |
| North Dakota | Montana-Dakota Utilities | High Density Contracted Demand Response (PU-22-337) | Approved | 10 MW and 85% load factor |
| North Dakota | Otter Tail Power | Very large customer class and data center rate (PU-26-215) | Pending | Petition filed 2026 |
| Ohio | AEP Ohio | Data center tariff (24-0508-EL-ATA) | Approved | 25 MW; pay for at least 85% of expected monthly energy |
| Ohio | FirstEnergy Ohio utilities | Data Center Tariff (26-0697-EL-ATA) | Pending | Filed June 2026 |
| Ohio | Duke Energy Ohio and AES Ohio | Rate DC (26-0755) and data center tariff in rate settlement (25-0958) | Pending | New cost-responsibility classes |
| Oklahoma | PSO and OG&E | Large Load Tariff (PUD2025-000075) and Extra Large Power and Light (PUD2026-000046) | Pending | OG&E filed June 17, 2026 |
| Oregon | Portland General Electric | Large load rate class, Schedule 96 (UM 2377) | Approved | Over 20 MW; approved May 2026, rates effective July 2026 |
| Oregon | PacifiCorp | Line extension updates (UE 433); Schedule 401 (UE 463) | Approved; Schedule 401 pending | New class for large energy-use facilities |
| Pennsylvania | PA PUC statewide framework | Large Load Tariff Framework (M-2025-3054271) | Approved | 50 MW individual or 100 MW aggregate; adopted April 2026 |
| Pennsylvania | PPL Electric Utilities | Rate case settlement with large load tariff (R-2025-3057164) | Approved | Included in approved settlement |
| South Carolina | Duke Energy Carolinas and Progress | Large load stipulations (2025-172-E, 2025-154-E) | Approved | 50 MW; generic docket (2026-138-E) pending |
| South Dakota | Otter Tail Power | Very large customer class and data center rate (EL26-021) | Pending | 75 MW |
| Texas | El Paso Electric | Rate review changes and Schedules 33A/33B (57568, 56903); Schedule 27 (59611) | Approved; Schedule 27 pending | Schedule 27: 75 MW and 85% load factor |
| Texas | Texas-New Mexico Power | Primary Service Substation rate class (58964) | Approved | Created in rate review |
| Texas | SWEPCO and Xcel Energy | ES-LL contract (58796); large load tariff (60332) | Pending | SWEPCO: 75 MW |
| Virginia | Dominion Energy | GS-5 large-load class (PUR-2025-00058) | Approved | 25 MW and 75% load factor; minimum demand charges; approved November 2025 |
| Virginia | Appalachian Power | Large Power Service revisions (PUR-2025-00057) | Approved | Addresses large new additions |
| West Virginia | Appalachian Power and Wheeling Power | Large Capacity Power and Industrial Power tariffs (24-0611-E-T-PW) | Approved | Approved March 2025 |
| Wisconsin | We Energies | Very Large Customer and Bespoke Resources tariffs (6630-TE-113) | Approved | Data centers billed for generation built to serve them; approved April 2026 |
| Wisconsin | Xcel, MGE and Wisconsin Power and Light | VLGTOD (4220-TE-119), VLC (3270-TE-124), CP-3 (6680-TE-119) | Pending | Xcel: 100 MW or more |
| Wyoming | Black Hills Energy | Large Power Contract Service (Record 14242) | Approved | Customers fund incremental transmission and distribution; since 2016 |
Source: Edison Electric Institute, Large Load Projects and Tariffs (October 2026), with dates and terms from Utility Dive, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and state commission orders where noted.
2026 state laws on data center power costs
Legislatures are also setting rules, usually directing regulators to make data centers pay their own way rather than banning them.
| State | Law | What it does | Signed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | SB 270 | PSC review of utility contracts with large-load data centers | April 17, 2026 |
| California | AB 2383, SB 886, SB 1168 | Utility tariffs for data centers and other large customers; tariffs for transmission-level customers by 2028; study of data center cost allocation | Sept. 21, 2026 |
| Delaware | HB 233 | Contract rules for large energy-use facilities of 30 MW or more | Aug. 26, 2026 |
| Florida | SB 484 | Large-load tariff rules, local planning authority and water permit limits for large data centers | May 8, 2026 |
| Nebraska | LB 1010 | Large Load Customer Regulation Act | April 17, 2026 |
| New Jersey | A 796 | Utilities must protect other customers from data center costs | July 7, 2026 |
| Oklahoma | HB 2992 | Data Center Customer Ratepayer Protection Act; separate tariffs for 75 MW or more of new demand | May 11, 2026 |
| South Dakota | HB 1038, SB 135 | Regulators can charge data centers their actual costs; protections for residents | March 30, 2026 |
Source: StartBusinessByState data center legislation tracker. Oregon's POWER Act, signed in 2025, created the large-load rate class behind Portland General Electric's Schedule 96.
What to watch next
- Pending decisions. Commissions in Florida, Maryland, Minnesota, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas and Wisconsin are weighing new tariffs. Approvals often unlock signed contracts and capital plans.
- Capital plans and rate cases. Utilities with new large loads are filing bigger capital plans for transmission, substations and generation. See our utility rate case and IRP tracker.
- Public power and co-ops. Municipal utilities and cooperatives are writing their own large-load rules, often with less public notice.
- Local pushback. Counties and cities are adding zoning conditions, water limits and moratoriums, which can shift where projects land.
How vendors can use this tracker
- Find utilities with momentum. An approved tariff plus announced data center projects usually means near-term spending on grid infrastructure.
- Follow the docket. Testimony and compliance filings name the projects, timelines and departments involved.
- Reach the right teams. Transmission planning, large-customer service, interconnection, substation engineering and supply chain are the groups that buy. See how utilities buy.
- Time outreach to approvals and capital plans. Our utility funding tracker shows where money is moving.
How KSG helps
We track large-load activity and capital plans and reach the utility teams planning to spend. See our utilities practice.
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